The low dose naltrexone (LDN) reference page

This is a list of research and other scientific references related to low dose naltrexone. I have collected it all myself and it originally appeared on my Finnish LDN site in June 2007 (though I've since updated it and added more studies). If you see this list anywhere else on the Internet but here and my Finnish site, you can rest assured I am the source. I don't think I can claim copyright or anything on a list of other people's studies, but I also don't want anyone to think I "ripped" someone else.

You can access the abstract of most of these studies by clicking the "PMID" link, which goes to the study's page on the PubMed database. Some of the full papers may require either payment or an institution subscription.

It is sometimes difficult to classify whether a study is about low dose naltrexone or just "related", as e.g. some autism studies have used fairly low doses of naltrexone (but still larger than "traditional" LDN) and e.g. IBS trials have used very low doses of naltrexone, such as 0.5 mg. There is also a considerable amount of research about ultra low dose naltrexone, which means naltrexone used in doses of only micrograms, picograms or nanograms, but that falls outside of the scope of this page.

I have also written an article about the recent LDN for PPMS study.

Clinical trials and other papers about LDN

Sharafaddinzadeh N, Moghtaderi A, Kashipazha D, et al. The effect of low-dose naltrexone on quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Mult Scler. In press 2010. PMID: 20534644

Shannon A, Alkhouri N, Mayacy S, et al. Low-dose naltrexone for treatment of duodenal Crohn's disease in a pediatric patient. Inflamm Bowel Dis. In press 2010. PMID: 20014017

Berkson BM, Rubin DM, Berkson AJ. Revisiting the ALA/N (alpha-lipoic acid/low-dose naltrexone) protocol for people with metastatic and nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer: a report of 3 new cases. PMID: 20042414

Younger J, Mackey S. Fibromyalgia symptoms are reduced by low-dose naltrexone: a pilot study. Pain Med. 2009 May-Jun;10(4):663-72. PMID: 19453963

Desjardins S, Doyen C, Contejean Y, et al. Treatment of a serious autistic disorder in a child with Naltrexone in an oral suspension form. Encephale. 2009 Apr;35(2):168-72. PMID: 19393386

Brown N, Panksepp J. Low-dose naltrexone for disease prevention and quality of life. Med Hypotheses. 2009 Mar;72(3):333-7. PMID: 19041189

Gironi M, Martinelli-Boneschi F, et al. A pilot trial of low-dose naltrexone in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2008 Sep;14(8):1076-83. PMID: 18728058

Patel PN. Low-dose naltrexone for treatment of multiple sclerosis: clinical trials are needed. Ann Pharmacother. 2007 Sep;41(9):1549-50. PMID: 17623758

Berkson BM, Rubin DM, Berkson AJ. Reversal of signs and symptoms of a B-cell lymphoma in a patient using only low-dose naltrexone. Integr Cancer Ther. 2007 Sep;6(3):293-6. PMID: 17761642

Mannelli P, Patkar AA, Peindl K, et al. Effectiveness of Low-Dose Naltrexone in the Post-Detoxification Treatment of Opioid Dependence. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Oct;27(5):468-74. PMID: 17873678

Smith JP, Stock H, Bingaman S, et al. Low-dose naltrexone therapy improves active Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Apr;102(4):820-8. PMID: 17222320

Good P. Low-dose naltrexone for multiple sclerosis and autism: does its benefit reveal a common cause? Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(3):671-2. PMID: 16759815

Berkson BM, Rubin DM, Berkson AJ. The long-term survival of a patient with pancreatic cancer with metastases to the liver after treatment with the intravenous alpha-lipoic acid/low-dose naltrexone protocol. Integr Cancer Ther. 2006 Mar;5(1):83-9. PMID: 16484716

Agrawal YP. Low dose naltrexone therapy in multiple sclerosis. Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(4):721-4. PMID: 15694688

Bihari B. Efficacy of low dose naltrexone as an immune stabilizing agent for the treatment of HIV/AIDS [letter]. AIDS Patient Care. 1995 Feb;9(1):3. PMID: 11361353

Bouvard MP, Leboyer M, Launay JM, et al. Low-dose naltrexone effects on plasma chemistries and clinical symptoms in autism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Psychiatry Res. 1995 Oct 16;58(3):191-201. PMID: 8570775

Bihari B, Drury F, Ragone V, et al. Low dose naltrexone in the treatment of AIDS: long term follow-up results. V International Conference on AIDS. Poster M. C.P. 62. Montreal, June 1989.

Bihari B, Drury F, Ragone V, et al. Low dose naltrexone in the treatment of AIDS. IV International Conference on AIDS. Poster 3056. Stockholm, June 1988. link

Other research and publications related to the subject (e.g. the mode of action of LDN)

Crayton R, Soller W, Mattiasson A, et al. Exogenously administered opioids contract the female rat intrinsic urethral sphincter in vivo. Neurourol Urodyn. In press 2010. PMID: 19899147

Zagon IS, Rahn KA, Bonneau RH, et al. Opioid growth factor suppresses expression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Res. 2010 Jan 15;1310:154-61. PMID: 19931226

McLaughlin PJ, Zagon IS, Park SS, et al. Growth inhibition of thyroid follicular cell-derived cancers by the opioid growth factor (OGF) - opioid growth factor receptor (OGFr) axis. PMID: 19835629

Zagon IS, Donahue RN, McLaughlin PJ. Opioid growth factor-opioid growth factor receptor axis is a physiological determinant of cell proliferation in diverse human cancers.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009 Oct;297(4):R1154-61. PMID: 19675283

Donahue RN, McLaughlin PJ, Zagon IS. Cell proliferation of human ovarian cancer is regulated by the opioid growth factor-opioid growth factor receptor axis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009 Jun;296(6):R1716-25. PMID: 19297547

Walters AS, Ondo WG, Zhu W, et al. Does the endogenous opiate system play a role in the Restless Legs Syndrome? A pilot post-mortem study. J Neurol Sci. 2009 Apr 15;279(1-2):62-5. PMID: 19167016

McLaughlin PJ, Kreiner S, Morgan CR, et al. Prevention and delay in progression of human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in nude mice by stable overexpression of the opioid growth factor receptor. Int J Oncol. 2008 Oct;33(4):751-7. PMID: 18813788

Zagon IS, Kreiner S, Heslop JJ, et al. Prevention and delay in progression of human pancreatic cancer by stable overexpression of the opioid growth factor receptor. Int J Oncol. 2008 Aug;33(2):317-23. PMID: 18636152

Sarkar DK, Boyadjieva NI, Chen CP, et al. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate differentiated beta-endorphin neurons promote immune function and prevent prostate cancer growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jul 1;105(26):9105-10. PMID: 18562281

Zagon I, Donahue RN, Rogosnitzky M, et al. Imiquimod upregulates the opioid growth factor receptor to inhibit cell proliferation independent of immune function. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 Aug;233(8):968-79. PMID: 18480416

Zagon IS, Rahn KA, McLaughlin PJ. Opioids and migration, chemotaxis, invasion, and adhesion of human cancer cells. Neuropeptides. 2007 Dec;41(6):441-52. PMID: 17910895

Davis RL, Buck DJ, Saffarian N, et al. The opioid antagonist, beta-funaltrexamine, inhibits chemokine expression in human astroglial cells. J Neuroimmunol. 2007 May;186(1-2):141-9. PMID: 17475341

Pall ML. Nitric oxide synthase partial uncoupling as a key switching mechanism for the NO/ONOO- cycle. Med Hypotheses. 2007 Apr 18. PMID: 17448611

Zagon IS, Verderame MF, Hankins J, et al. Overexpression of the opioid growth factor receptor potentiates growth inhibition in human pancreatic cancer cells. Int J Oncol. 2007 Apr;30(4):775-83. PMID: 17332915

McLaughlin PJ, Verderame MF, Hankins JL, et al. Overexpression of the opioid growth factor receptor downregulates cell proliferation of human squamous carcinoma cells of the head and neck. Int J Mol Med. 2007 Mar;19(3):421-8. PMID: 17273790

Andjelkov N, Elvenes J, Knutsen G, et al. Beta-endorphin regulation of MAPKs in cultured human articular chondrocytes: MAPK inhibitors prevent the increase of IL-1 beta protein levels during beta-endorphin stimulation. Cell Commun Adhes. 2007 Jan-Feb;14(1):1-8. PMID: 17453826

Block ML, Zecca L, Hong JS. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Jan;8(1):57-69. PMID: 17180163

McLaughlin PJ, Zagon IS. Progression of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is associated with down-regulation of the opioid growth factor receptor. Int J Oncol. 2006 Jun;28(6):1577-83. PMID: 16685459

Marks DJ, Harbord MW, MacAllister R, et al. Defective acute inflammation in Crohn's disease: a clinical investigation. Lancet. 2006 Feb 25;367(9511):668-78. PMID: 165034?5

Zagon IS, Jaglowski JR, Verderame MF, et al. Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and biotherapy with opioid growth factor (OGF) enhances the growth inhibition of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2005 Nov;56(5):510-20. PMID: 15947928

Zagon IS, McLaughlin PJ. Opioids and differentiation in human cancer cells. Neuropeptides. 2005 Oct;39(5):495-505. PMID: 16169076

Jaglowski JR, Zagon IS, Stack BC, et al. Opioid growth factor enhances tumor growth inhibition and increases the survival of paclitaxel-treated mice with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2005 Jul;56(1):97-104. PMID: 15791460

McLaughlin PJ, Jaglowski JR, Verderame MF, et al. Enhanced growth inhibition of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck by combination therapy of paclitaxel and opioid growth factor. Int J Oncol. 2005 Mar;26(3):809-16. PMID: 15703840

Zhang W, Hong JS, Kim HC, et al. Morphinan neuroprotection: new insight into the therapy of neurodegeneration. Crit Rev Neurobiol. 2004;16(4):271-302. PMID: 15862109

Zagon IS, McLaughlin PJ. Opioid growth factor (OGF) inhibits anchorage-independent growth in human cancer cells. Int J Oncol. 2004 Jun;24(6):1443-8. PMID: 15138586

Smith JP, Conter RL, Bingaman SI, et al. Treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer with opioid growth factor: phase I. Anticancer Drugs. 2004 Mar;15(3):203-9. PMID: 15014352

McLaughlin PJ, Levin RJ, Zagon IS. Opioid growth factor (OGF) inhibits the progression of human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck transplanted into nude mice. Cancer Lett. 2003 Sep 25;199(2):209-17. PMID: 12969794

Philippe D, Dubuquoy L, Groux H. Anti-inflammatory properties of the mu opioid receptor support its use in the treatment of colon inflammation. J Clin Invest. 2003 May;111(9):1329-38. PMID: 12727924

Gironi M, Furlan R, Rovaris M, et al. Beta endorphin concentrations in PBMC of patients with different clinical phenotypes of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Apr;74(4):495-7. PMID: 12640071

McLaughlin PJ, Stack BC, Levin RJ, et al. Defects in the opioid growth factor receptor in human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer. 2003 Apr 1;97(7):1701-10. PMID: 12655527

Bigliardi PL, Sumanovski LT, Buchner S, et al. Different expression of mu-opiate receptor in chronic and acute wounds and the effect of beta-endorphin on transforming growth factor beta type II receptor and cytokeratin 16 expression. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Jan;120(1):145-52. PMID: 12535211

Zangen A, Nakash R, Roth-Deri I, et al. Impaired release of beta-endorphin in response to serotonin in a rat model of depression. Neuroscience. 2002;110(3):389-93. PMID: 11906780

Bernstein HG, Krell D, Emrich HM, et al. Fewer beta-endorphin expressing arcuate nucleus neurons and reduced beta-endorphinergic innervation of paraventricular neurons in schizophrenics and patients with depression. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2002;48 Online Pub:OL259-65. PMID: 12643442

Cabot PJ, Carter L, Schäfer M, et al. Methionine-enkephalin-and Dynorphin A-release from immune cells and control of inflammatory pain. Pain. 2001 Sep;93(3):207-12. PMID: 11514079

Cabot PJ. Immune-derived opioids and peripheral antinociception. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2001 Mar;28(3):230-2. PMID: 11236131

Blebea J, Mazo JE, Kihara TK, et al. Opioid growth factor modulates angiogenesis. J Vasc Surg. 2000 Aug;32(2):364-73. PMID: 10917997

McLaughlin PJ, Levin RJ, Zagon IS. The opioid growth factor receptor in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Mol Med. 2000 Feb;5(2):191-6. PMID: 10639600

Buckley RH. Primary immunodeficiency diseases due to defects in lymphocytes. N Engl J Med. 2000 Nov 2;343(18):1313-24. PMID: 11058677

Hill MP, Hille CJ, Brotchie JM. Delta-opioid receptor agonists as a therapeutic approach in Parkinson's disease. Drug News Perspect. 2000 Jun;13(5):261-8. PMID: 12937640

Bisignani GJ, McLaughlin PJ, Ordille SD, et al. Human renal cell cancer proliferation in tissue culture is tonically inhibited by opioid growth factor. J Urol. 1999 Dec;162(6):2186-91. PMID: 10569617

Zagon IS, Verderame MF, Allen SS. Cloning, sequencing, expression and function of a cDNA encoding a receptor for the opioid growth factor, [Met(5)]enkephalin. Brain Res. 1999 Dec 4;849(1-2):147-54. PMID: 10592296

Sacerdote P, Lechner O, Sidman C. Hypothalamic beta-endorphin concentrations are decreased in animals models of autoimmune disease. J Neuroimmunol. 1999 Jun 1;97(1-2):129-33. PMID: 10408966

McLaughlin PJ, Levin RJ, Zagon IS. Regulation of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma growth in tissue culture by opioid growth factor. Int J Oncol. 1999 May;14(5):991-8. PMID: 10200353

Zagon IS, Smith JP, McLaughlin PJ. Human pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in tissue culture is tonically inhibited by opioid growth factor. Int J Oncol. 1999 Mar;14(3):577-84. PMID: 10024694

McLaughlin PJ, Zagon IS, Skitzki J. Human neuroblastoma cell growth in tissue culture is regulated by opioid growth factor. Int J Oncol. 1999 Feb;14(2):373-80. PMID: 917516

Conti F, Pittoni V, Sacerdote P. Decreased immunoreactive beta-endorphin in mononuclear leucocytes from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1998 Nov-Dec;16(6):729-32. PMID: 9844768

Whiteside TL, Friberg D. Natural killer cells and natural killer cell activity in chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med. 1998 Sep 28;105(3A):27S-34S. PMID: 9790479

Sharp BM, Gekker G, Li MD, et al. Delta-opioid suppression of human immunodeficiency virus-1 expression in T cells (Jurkat). Biochem Pharmacol. 1998 Aug 1;56(3):289-92. PMID: 9744564

Risdahl JM, Khanna KV, Peterson PK, et al. Opiates and infection. J Neuroimmunol. 1998 Mar 15;83(1-2):4-18. PMID: 9610668

Arnalich F, Martinez P, Hernanz A, et al. Altered concentrations of appetite regulators may contribute to the development and maintenance of HIV-associated wasting. AIDS. 1997 Jul 15;11(9):1129-34. PMID: 9233460

Levin RJ, Wu Y, McLaughlin PJ, et al. Expression of the opioid growth factor, [Met5]-enkephalin, and the zeta opioid receptor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 1997 Mar;107(3):335-9. PMID: 9121309

Plotnikoff NP, Faith RE, Murgo AJ. Methionine enkephalin: a new cytokine--human studies. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1997 Feb;82(2):93-101. PMID: 9000477

Zagon IS, Hytrek SD, Smith JP, et al. Opioid growth factor (OGF) inhibits human pancreatic cancer transplanted into nude mice. Cancer Lett. 1997 Jan 30;112(2):167-75. PMID: 9066724

Roy S, Loh HH. Effects of opioids on the immune system. Neurochem Res. 1996 Nov;21(11):1375-86. PMID: 8947928

Zagon IS, Hytrek SD, McLaughlin PJ. Opioid growth factor tonically inhibits human colon cancer cell proliferation in tissue culture. Am J Physiol. 1996 Sep;271(3 Pt 2):R511-8. PMID: 8853370

Zagon IS, Hytrek SD, Lang CM, et al. Opioid growth factor ([Met5]enkephalin) prevents the incidence and retards the growth of human colon cancer. Am J Physiol. 1996 Sep;271(3 Pt 2):R780-6. PMID: 885340

Chao CC, Gekker G, Hu S, et al. kappa opioid receptors in human microglia downregulate human immunodeficiency virus 1 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jul 23;93(15):8051-6. PMID: 8755601

Hytrek SD, McLaughlin PJ, Lang CM, et al. Inhibition of human colon cancer by intermittent opioid receptor blockade with naltrexone. Cancer Lett. 1996 Mar 29;101(2):159-64. PMID: 8620464

Battistella PA, Bordin A, Cernetti R, et al. beta-endorphin in plasma and monocytes in juvenile headache. Headache. 1996 Feb;36(2):91-4. PMID: 8742680

Spinazzola F, Barletta C, Demartino G, et al. Beta-endorphins ACTH and cortisol in CSF and plasma of HIV infected patients. Riv Eur Sci Med Farmacol. 1995 Sep-Oct;17(5):161-5. PMID: 8766783

Bruno RL, Sapolsky R, Zimmerman JR, et al. Pathophysiology of a central cause of post-polio fatigue. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995 May 25;753:257-75. PMID: 7611635

Hsueh CM, Chen SF, Ghanta VK, et al. Expression of the conditioned NK cell activity is beta-endorphin dependent. Brain Res. 1995 Apr 24;678(1-2):76-82. PMID: 7620901

Wiedermann CJ, Sacerdote P, Propst A, et al. Decreased beta-endorphin content in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from patients with Crohn's disease. Brain Behav Immun. 1994 Sep;8(3):261-9. PMID: 7865897

Makman MH. Morphine receptors in immunocytes and neurons. Adv Neuroimmunol. 1994;4(2):69-82. PMID: 7952830

Leone M, Sacerdote P, D'Amico D, et al. Beta-endorphin levels are reduced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of cluster headache patients. Cephalalgia. 1993 Dec;13(6):413-6. PMID: 8313456

Darko DF, Irwin MR, Risch SC. Plasma beta-endorphin and natural killer cell activity in major depression: a preliminary study. Psychiatry Res. 1992 Aug;43(2):111-9. PMID: 1410068

Zagon IS, McLaughlin PJ. An opioid growth factor regulates the replication of microorganisms. Life Sci. 1992;50(16):1179-87. PMID: 1313136

Leone M, Sacerdote P, D'Amico D, et al. Beta-endorphin concentrations in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of migraine and tension-type headache patients. Cephalalgia. 1992 Jun;12(3):154-7. PMID: 1298216

Vercellini P, Sacerdote P, Panerai AE. Mononuclear cell beta-endorphin concentration in women with and without endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol. 1992 May;79(5 ( Pt 1)):743-6. PMID: 1565359

Maestroni GJ, Conti A. Beta-endorphin and dynorphin mimic the cir?adian immunoenhancing and anti-stress effects of melatonin. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1989;11(4):333-40. PMID: 2570759

Plotnikoff N, Wybran J. Methionine-enkephalin shows promise in reducing HIV in blood. Am Fam Physician. 1989 Sep;40(3):234. PMID: 2773759

Murgo AJ. Modulation of murine melanoma growth by naloxone. Cancer Lett. 1989 Feb;44(2):137-42. PMID: 2920373

Zagon IS, McLaughlin PJ. Opioid antagonist modulation of murine neuroblastoma: a profile of cell proliferation and opioid peptides and receptors. Brain Res. 1989 Feb 20;480(1-2):16-28. PMID: 2540873

Galard R, Gallart J, Arguello JM, et al. Plasma levels of beta-endorphin, cortisol, prolactin and growth hormone in depressed patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1988 Aug;78(2):230-3. PMID: 2975911

Zagon IS, McLaughlin P. Endogenous opioids and the growth regulation of a neural tumor. Life Sci. 1988;43(16):1313-8. PMID: 2845218

Faith RE, Murgo AJ. Inhibition of pulmonary metastases and enhancement of natural killer cell activity by methionine-enkephalin. Brain Behav Immun. 1988 Jun;2(2):114-22. PMID: 3233355

Zagon IS, McLaughlin PJ, Goodman SR, et al. Opioid receptors and endogenous opioids in diverse human and animal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987 Nov;79(5):1059-65. PMID: 2824913

McLaughlin PJ, Zagon IS. Modulation of human neuroblastoma transplanted into nude mice by endogenous opioid systems. Life Sci. 1987 Sep 21;41(12):1465-72. PMID: 3041143

Faith RE, Liang HJ, Plotnikoff NP, et al. Neuroimmunomodulation with enkephalins: in vitro enhancement of natural killer cell activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes from cancer patients. Nat Immun Cell Growth Regul. 1987;6(2):88-98. PMID: 3600678

Nagy JT, Foris G, Paragh G, et al. Possible correction of defective polymorphonuclear cell functions in type-2 diabetes mellitus by met-enkephalin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;496:166-9. PMID: 3037972

Wybran J, Schandene L, Van Vooren JP, et al. Immunologic properties of methionine-enkephalin, and therapeutic implications in AIDS, ARC, and cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;496:108-14. PMID: 3496822

Faith RE, Murgo AJ, Clinkscales CW, et al. Enhancement of host resistance to viral and tumor challenge by treatment with methionine-enkephalin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;496:137-45. PMID: 3474965

Brown SL, Van Epps DE. Opioid peptides modulate production of interferon gamma by human mononuclear cells. Cell Immunol. 1986 Nov;103(1):19-26. PMID: 3026654

Murgo AJ. Inhibition of B16-BL6 melanoma growth in mice by methionine-enkephalin. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1985 Aug;75(2):341-4. PMID: 3860686

Blum K, Gaskill H, DeLallo L, et al. Methionine enkephalin as a possible neuromodulator of regional cerebral blood flow. Experientia. 1985 Jul 15;41(7):932-3. PMID: 4007131

Sandyk R, Gillman MA. Opioid hypofunction in Parkinson's disease. Med Hypotheses. 1985 Feb;16(2):179-82. PMID: 2581117

Plotnikoff NP, Murgo AJ, Miller GC. Enkephalins: immunomodulators. Fed Proc. 1985 Jan;44(1 Pt 1):118-22. PMID: 3967769

Zagon IS, McLaughlin PJ. Duration of opiate receptor blockade determines tumorigenic response in mice with neuroblastoma: a role for endogenous opioid systems in cancer. Life Sci. 1984 Jul 23;35(4):409-16. PMID: 6087062

Froelich CJ, Bankhurst AD. The effect of beta-endorphin on natural cytotoxicity and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Life Sci. 1984 Jul 16;35(3):261-5. PMID: 6087056

Faith RE, Liang HJ, Murgo AJ, et al. Neuroimmunomodulation with enkephalins: enhancement of human natural killer (NK) cell activity in vitro. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1984 Jun;31(3):412-8. PMID: 6713744

Zagon IS, McLaughlin PJ. Opioid antagonists inhibit the growth of metastatic murine neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett. 1983 Nov;21(1):89-94. PMID: 6640516

Zagon IS, McLaughlin PJ. Naltrexone modulates tumor response in mice with neuroblastoma. Science. 1983 Aug 12;221(4611):671-3. PMID: 6867737

Mathews PM, Froelich CJ, Sibbitt WL Jr., et al. Enhancement of natural cytotoxicity by beta-endorphin. J Immunol. 1983 Apr;130(4):1658-62. PMID: 6300232

Gerner RH, Catlin DH, Gorelick DA, et al. beta-Endorphin. Intravenous infusion causes behavioral change in psychiatric inpatients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980 Jun;37(6):642-7. PMID: 7387336

Unfinished and future studies on LDN

There have been several studies of LDN for MS, but only one of these has been published in a medical journal so far (results of some others have been discussed in conferences). A HIV/AIDS study is running in Mali, Western Africa. In Pennsylvania a phase II study on LDN for Crohn's disease has been completed and the results will be out soon. Another study about LDN on children with Crohn's is undergoing. A study of LDN for juvenile fibromyalgia was supposed to have started already, but seems to have been cancelled.

There is going to be a study about LDN for autism in Israel and another autism study (phase I/II) is soon starting looking for participants in the United States (hopefully so, as there have been no updates for several years).